Rome
Rome, often called the Eternal City, has captivated travelers for centuries with its history, culture, and art. With a history spanning over 2,500 years, it was the center of the Roman Empire, a cradle of Western civilization, and the birthplace of the Roman Catholic Church. The city is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Its landmarks trace the city’s past, from the Colosseum and Roman Forum to Vatican City, an independent city-state within Rome and home to St. Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican Museums, and the Sistine Chapel. Beyond the major sights, neighborhoods such as Trastevere and Monti offer cobblestone streets, markets, and traditional trattorias.
History
Rome’s landmarks reflect the city’s changing roles over the centuries, from the political and social center of the Roman Republic and Empire to the seat of the Catholic Church. The Colosseum, Roman Forum, and imperial ruins offer glimpses of ancient Rome, while the city’s churches and Renaissance art reflect its later history.
The Colosseum was built between 70 and 80 AD and completed in 80 AD. The Appian Way was built in 312 BC, Trajan’s Column was erected in 113 AD, and the Baths of Caracalla were built in the 3rd century AD. The Trevi Fountain was completed in 1762.
What to see
Ancient Rome
Colosseum
The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an enduring symbol of Roman architecture and engineering (Britannica) (Colosseum Rome Tickets). It hosted gladiatorial contests, public executions, animal hunts, and mock sea battles, entertaining up to 80,000 spectators. Visitors can explore the arena floor and learn about the amphitheatre’s history.
- Visiting hours Daily from 8:30 AM to one hour before sunset; also listed as 8:30 AM–7:00 PM. It is typically open from 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM, but hours may vary by season.
- Tickets Standard tickets start at €16; tickets are listed as €16 for adults, €2 for EU citizens aged 18–25, and free for children under 18. Combined tickets with the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill are available.
- Tips Arrive early to avoid long lines, or consider booking a guided tour for a more immersive experience.
Roman Forum
Once the heart of ancient Rome, the Forum was a center of political, religious, and social life. Its ruins of temples, basilicas, and arches offer a glimpse into the Roman Republic and Empire (Ancient.eu) (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Daily from 8:30 AM to one hour before sunset; also listed as 8:30 AM–7:00 PM.
- Tickets Included with Colosseum and Palatine Hill tickets, and with a Colosseum ticket.
- Tip Wear comfortable shoes because the terrain can be uneven.
Palatine Hill
One of Rome’s seven hills, Palatine Hill is considered the most ancient part of the city and is believed to be its oldest inhabited area. Its imperial palace ruins overlook the Forum and Circus Maximus (Britannica) (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Daily from 8:30 AM to one hour before sunset; also listed as 8:30 AM–7:00 PM.
- Tickets Included with Colosseum and Roman Forum tickets, and with a Colosseum ticket.
- Tip Bring water and a hat, as there is limited shade.
Pantheon
Originally a temple dedicated to all Roman gods, the Pantheon is now a church. It is one of the best-preserved ancient Roman buildings, and its dome and oculus remain a remarkable feat of engineering. Its dome is the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world (Britannica) (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Daily from 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM.
- Tickets Free entry.
- Tip Visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid crowds.
Circus Maximus
Once the site of chariot races and other public spectacles, the Circus Maximus is now a public park. Visitors can walk along the elongated oval of the former track (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Open 24 hours.
- Tickets Free.
Appian Way
Built in 312 BC, the Appian Way was a vital road connecting Rome to the south. Sections of the original road, lined with ancient tombs and catacombs, can be explored on foot or by bike (Britannica) (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Open 24 hours.
- Tickets Free entry; some catacombs require an entrance fee.
- Tip Renting a bike is one way to explore the historic road.
Imperial Rome
Trajan’s Column
Erected in 113 AD, Trajan’s Column commemorates Emperor Trajan’s victories in Dacia. Its spiral relief sculptures depict scenes from the Dacian Wars and offer insight into Roman military history (Khan Academy).
- Visiting hours Daily from 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM.
- Tickets Free entry.
- Tip Visit nearby Trajan’s Market for a broader historical experience.
Baths of Caracalla
Built by Emperor Caracalla in the 3rd century AD, these large thermal baths included hot and cold baths, gardens, libraries, and an indoor running track (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Daily from 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM.
- Tickets Standard tickets start at €8.
- Tip Visit in the afternoon, when it is less crowded.
Castel Sant’Angelo
Originally built as a mausoleum for Emperor Hadrian, Castel Sant’Angelo later served as a papal residence and a prison. It now houses a museum and offers views of the city (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Daily from 9:00 AM to 7:30 PM.
- Tickets Standard tickets start at €15.
- Tip Climb to the top for panoramic views of Rome.
Vatican City
Vatican City is an independent city-state within Rome and the spiritual and administrative center of the Catholic Church. Its major sights include St. Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican Museums, and the Sistine Chapel (Britannica) (Vatican City).
Visiting hours vary by attraction; Vatican City attractions are generally listed as open from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM. Booking tickets in advance can help visitors skip lines.
St. Peter’s Basilica
A major site of Christianity and a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture, St. Peter’s Basilica has a dome designed by Michelangelo. The basilica also houses Michelangelo’s Pietà and Bernini’s baldachin over the high altar (Britannica).
- Visiting hours Daily from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM.
- Tickets Entry is free; the dome climb costs €10.
- Tip Dress modestly as a sign of respect.
Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel
The Vatican Museums house art and artifacts collected by the popes over centuries. Highlights include the Raphael Rooms and the Sistine Chapel, whose frescoes include Michelangelo’s ceiling depicting scenes from the Book of Genesis (Musei Vaticani) (Musei Vaticani).
- Visiting hours The Vatican Museums are listed as open from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM; the Sistine Chapel is also listed as open daily from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM.
- Tickets Vatican Museums tickets start at €17; listed prices are €17 for adults and €8 for students. Discounts are available for students and children. The Sistine Chapel is included with Vatican Museums tickets.
- Tip Visiting the Sistine Chapel late in the afternoon may mean fewer crowds.
Centro Storico
Trevi Fountain
Completed in 1762, the Trevi Fountain is a Baroque landmark. Legend says that tossing a coin into the fountain ensures a return trip to Rome (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Open 24/7.
- Tickets Free entry.
- Tip Visit early in the morning or late at night to avoid crowds.
Spanish Steps
The Spanish Steps connect Piazza di Spagna with the Trinità dei Monti church. The cascading staircase and boat-shaped fountain at its base make it a popular gathering spot (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Open 24 hours.
- Tickets Free.
Piazza Navona
Built on the site of a former stadium, Piazza Navona is a lively square featuring Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers, cafes, restaurants, and street artists (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours Open 24 hours.
- Tickets Free.
Campo de’ Fiori
Campo de’ Fiori hosts a morning market selling fresh produce, flowers, and local delicacies. In the evening, the square becomes a spot for aperitivo and dinner (Rome.net).
- Market hours 7:00 AM–2:00 PM.
- Tickets Free.
Neighborhoods
Trastevere
Across the Tiber River, Trastevere is known for cobblestone streets, ivy-covered buildings, and a bohemian atmosphere. Its streets offer places to discover trattorias and experience local life (Rome.net).
The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, with its mosaics and peaceful courtyard, is a neighborhood highlight (Sacred Destinations).
- Visiting hours 9:00 AM–9:00 PM.
- Tickets Free.
Monti
Nestled between the Colosseum and the Forum, Monti combines ancient ruins with independent boutiques and restaurants (Rome.net).
Testaccio
Testaccio Market offers fresh produce, meat, cheese, and prepared foods, and is a place to experience local food and daily life (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours 7:00 AM–3:30 PM.
- Tickets Free.
Other historical experiences
Rome’s museums include the Capitoline Museums, the Roman National Museum, and the Borghese Gallery, with collections of Roman art, artifacts, and sculptures. Historical reenactments, including Gruppo Storico Romano performances, bring ancient Roman history to life.
The Catacombs of Rome are underground burial tunnels dating back to the early Christian era (Rome.net).
- Visiting hours 9:00 AM–5:00 PM.
- Tickets €8 for adults and €5 for children.
Rome’s photographic spots include the Colosseum at sunset, the view from the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, the Trevi Fountain, and the streets of Trastevere.
Practical visiting information
Best time to visit
Rome has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The shoulder seasons of spring (April–May) and fall (September–October) offer pleasant weather and fewer crowds. Spring brings blooming flowers and festivals, while fall has comfortable temperatures for exploring historical sites. Summer can bring scorching temperatures and more tourists. Winter is the least crowded season, but some attractions may have reduced hours.
Getting around
- Walking The historical center is suited to exploring on foot. Comfortable shoes are useful.
- Public transportation Rome has buses, trams, and a metro. The metro is the fastest way to travel longer distances, while buses and trams offer scenic routes. A Roma Pass offers unlimited public transportation and discounted museum entry.
- Taxis Taxis are readily available but can be expensive, especially during peak hours. Make sure the meter is used or agree on a fare beforehand.
- Hop-on hop-off buses These offer a way to see major sights, with commentary in multiple languages.
- Bike sharing Rome has a bike-sharing program, though navigating traffic can be challenging.
Accommodation
Rome has accommodation options for different budgets and preferences. Hotels range from budget-friendly guesthouses to five-star properties; staying in the historical center offers access to major attractions. Apartments provide more space and a kitchen, and websites such as Airbnb and Booking.com list apartments. Hostels offer dormitory-style rooms and shared facilities.
Food and drink
Roman cuisine is known for simple dishes and fresh ingredients. Local choices include:
- Cacio e pepe, made with cheese and pepper; carbonara, made with eggs, guanciale, and cheese; and amatriciana, made with tomato sauce, guanciale, and cheese.
- Roman-style pizza, known for its thin, crispy crust. Margherita is topped with tomato, mozzarella, and basil.
- Suppli, fried rice balls typically filled with mozzarella and tomato sauce.
- Gelato; artigianale gelaterias are noted for artisan gelato.
- Espresso and cappuccino.
Tips
- Book tickets online in advance to skip lines at popular attractions. Booking accommodation and tours in advance is recommended, especially during peak season.
- Guided tours are available for most landmarks and offer a more in-depth experience.
- When visiting religious sites, cover your shoulders and knees.
- Validate bus, tram, and metro tickets at the designated machines.
- Carry cash: credit cards are widely accepted, but some smaller establishments may accept cash only.
- Carry a reusable water bottle and refill it at public fountains.
- Shops and restaurants may close for a few hours in the afternoon; this can be a time to relax or explore less crowded areas.
- Plan your itinerary in advance, but take time to experience the city at a leisurely pace.
- Learn a few basic Italian phrases. English is widely spoken in tourist areas, and Italian phrases can be useful in less touristy areas.
- Be aware of your surroundings and keep valuables secure, particularly in crowded areas where pickpockets may operate. Don’t leave bags unattended in public places.
- At night, stick to well-lit and populated areas, especially in less touristy neighborhoods.
- Tipping is not mandatory in Italy, but a small amount is customary for good service. In restaurants, round up the bill or leave a few euros; in bars, leave your change or a euro for the barista; for taxis, round up the fare or add a euro or two.
Nearby places
Outside Rome, consider visiting Tivoli for Villa d’Este and Hadrian’s Villa, or taking a day trip to the ancient ruins of Ostia Antica.
FAQ
What are the best times to visit Rome’s landmarks?
Early morning or late afternoon are ideal for avoiding crowds.
Are guided tours available?
Yes. Guided tours are available for most landmarks and offer a more in-depth experience.
How can I skip the lines at popular attractions?
Book tickets online in advance.
Are Rome’s landmarks accessible for people with disabilities?
Many landmarks offer accessibility options, but it is best to check in advance.
What are the top photographic spots in Rome?
The Colosseum, St. Peter’s Basilica, and the Trevi Fountain are among the top spots. Other suggested photo locations include the Colosseum at sunset, the view from St. Peter’s Basilica dome, and the streets of Trastevere.
What are the visiting hours for the Colosseum?
The Colosseum is listed as open daily from 8:30 AM to one hour before sunset and from 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM. It is also described as typically open from 8:30 AM to 7:00 PM, with hours that may vary by season; check the official website for the most up-to-date information.
How much do tickets to the Vatican Museums cost?
Tickets start at €17 for adults; the listed student price is €8. Discounts are available for students and children. Booking online in advance is recommended.
What are some nearby attractions outside Rome?
Tivoli has Villa d’Este and Hadrian’s Villa, and Ostia Antica is a destination for a day trip to ancient ruins.
