Comprehensive Guide to Visiting Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Date: 14/08/2024
Captivating Introduction
Welcome to Osaka Prefecture, a place where the past and future coalesce in a vibrant dance of culture, cuisine, and innovation. Imagine stepping into a city that has been a bustling merchant hub, Japan’s kitchen, and a modern financial powerhouse all at once. Osaka’s unique charm lies in its ability to juxtapose ancient temples and futuristic skyscrapers effortlessly. Did you know that Osaka was once the imperial capital of Japan and has a history dating back to the Jōmon period around 7,000 BCE? (Osaka History).
As you wander through Osaka, you can almost hear the whispers of samurai and the chants of monks from Shitennoji, Japan’s first official temple established in 593 AD. The city’s vibrant streets are a sensory feast, filled with the sizzle of takoyaki stalls, the aroma of fresh seafood at Kuromon Ichiba Market, and the dazzling neon lights of Dotonbori (Osaka History).
But Osaka isn’t just about its storied past; it’s a city that continues to innovate and inspire. From the architectural marvel of the Umeda Sky Building to the cinematic wonders of Universal Studios Japan, Osaka offers a blend of experiences that cater to every kind of traveler. Whether you’re a history buff, a foodie, or an adventure seeker, Osaka invites you to explore its multifaceted personality.
Ready to uncover the secrets of Osaka? Dive into this comprehensive guide and let Osaka captivate your heart and soul. And remember, for a deeper, more immersive experience, download Audiala, your ultimate travel companion, to unlock Osaka’s hidden gems and untold stories.
Table of Contents
- Historical Background
- Welcome to Osaka: The Ever-Evolving City
- Ancient Origins and Early Development
- Imperial Capital and Economic Hub
- Meiji Restoration and Modernization
- Cultural and Educational Contributions
- Modern Era and Recent Developments
- Demographics and Cultural Diversity
- Natural Parks and Environmental Initiatives
- Cultural Significance of Osaka
- The Ultimate Guide to Major Attractions in Osaka Prefecture
- Welcome to Osaka: The City of Contrasts
- Osaka Castle
- Universal Studios Japan (USJ)
- Dotonbori
- Shitennoji Temple
- Umeda Sky Building
- Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine
- Kuromon Ichiba Market
- Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan
- Namba Yasaka Shrine
- Tenjinbashisuji Shopping Street
- Expo ‘70 Commemorative Park
- Nakanoshima Park
- Tsutenkaku Tower
- Sumiyoshi Park
- Osaka Museum of History
- National Bunraku Theatre
- Osaka Science Museum
- Spa World
- Osaka Tenmangu Shrine
- Tempozan Ferris Wheel
- Local Secrets and Hidden Gems
- Sensory Descriptions
- Interactive Elements
- Cultural Context and Etiquette
- Practical Information with a Twist
- Pop Culture References
- Time-Based Itineraries
- Local Lingo Lessons
- Seasonal Highlights
- Myth Busting and Surprises
- Storytelling Elements
- FAQ
- Call to Action
Historical Background of Osaka Prefecture
Welcome to Osaka: The Ever-Evolving City
Did you know that Osaka, once hailed as the ‘Kitchen of Japan,’ still boasts some of the best street food in the world? As you dive into the history of this dynamic city, you’ll uncover a rich tapestry of cultural evolution, economic resilience, and a unique local flavor that continues to enchant visitors.
Ancient Origins and Early Development
Osaka’s story begins in the Jōmon period (7,000 BCE), when the Uemachi Plateau emerged as a peninsula separating Kawachi Bay from the Seto Inland Sea. This natural fortification made it one of Japan’s earliest settlements, offering fresh water, lush vegetation, and a defensible position against military attacks. Imagine the scene: ancient settlers enjoying the bounties of nature in a land that would one day become a bustling metropolis.
During the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE), Osaka transformed into an important regional port. By the Kofun period (300–538 CE), it had become a vital hub for trade and cultural exchange. The Naniwa-zu port near modern-day Chuo-ku in Osaka City welcomed visitors and innovations from Korea, China, and beyond, introducing cutting-edge technology, crafts, pottery, forging techniques, and Buddhism to Japan.
Imperial Capital and Economic Hub
In the 7th and 8th centuries, Osaka briefly served as Japan’s imperial capital. The city flourished during the Edo period (1603–1867), earning the nickname ‘tenka no daitokoro’ or ‘the kitchen of the nation’ for its pivotal role in the distribution of essential goods, including rice. Picture bustling markets filled with merchants, the aroma of fresh produce, and the clamor of eager buyers and sellers.
Even after the Tokugawa clan moved the political center to Edo (present-day Tokyo), Osaka remained an economic powerhouse. The city’s resilience shone through as it quickly rebuilt after the sakoku (‘chained nation’) period, when Japan’s borders were strictly controlled.
Meiji Restoration and Modernization
The Meiji Restoration in 1868 marked a significant turning point. Osaka expanded rapidly, undergoing industrialization to become Japan’s economic hub. By 1889, it was officially established as a municipality. Imagine the cityscape transforming with new buildings and factories, and a population boom turning Osaka into the industrial heart of Japan.
Postwar redevelopment saw Osaka contributing to urban planning and zoning standards, emerging as a major financial center in the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, including Kyoto and Kobe.
Cultural and Educational Contributions
Osaka’s economic success fostered a unique culture, distinct from traditional practices. The city became a hub for popular arts like joruri (the origin of bunraku puppet theater), noh theater, and a unique take on kabuki. Schools like Tekijuku, founded in 1838 for the study of Western science and medicine, produced scholars who played crucial roles in opening Japan to the world and reforming its government. Tekijuku eventually became Osaka University.
Modern Era and Recent Developments
Today, Osaka is a major financial center and one of Japan’s most multicultural cities. Home to the Osaka Exchange and multinational corporations like Panasonic and Sharp, Osaka is also an international center of research and development, represented by institutions like Osaka University, Osaka Metropolitan University, and Kansai University.
Recent history includes significant events like the 2018 earthquake in northern Osaka, political changes with the election of Fusae Ota as Japan’s first female governor in 2000, and Tōru Hashimoto as the youngest governor in 2008. In 2010, the Osaka Restoration Association aimed to reform Osaka Prefecture into the Osaka Metropolis, but referendums in 2015 and 2020 were defeated.
Demographics and Cultural Diversity
With a population of approximately 8.78 million as of 2022, Osaka is Japan’s third-most-populous prefecture. It’s home to about 93,000 ethnic Koreans, the largest such population in Japan, many of whom came during the Japanese rule of Korea and have since thrived in the area. The cultural diversity is palpable in the vibrant streets and diverse culinary offerings.
Natural Parks and Environmental Initiatives
Osaka is committed to preserving its natural beauty, with 11% of its land designated as Natural Parks, including Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen and Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Parks. Imagine hiking through lush landscapes, discovering hidden waterfalls, and enjoying the tranquility of nature amid the urban sprawl.
Conclusion
Osaka’s rich history, cultural significance, and modern developments make it a fascinating destination. From ancient origins and economic prowess to educational contributions and cultural vibrancy, Osaka continues to captivate. Whether exploring historic landmarks, savoring street food, or immersing yourself in the vibrant atmosphere, Osaka offers an unforgettable experience. Ready to discover more? Explore Osaka with Audiala and uncover its secrets, one adventure at a time.
Cultural Significance of Osaka
Introduction
Welcome to Osaka, where ancient legends and modern marvels dance together in a vibrant symphony! Picture yourself stepping into a city where history whispers around every corner and the future beckons with open arms. Did you know that Osaka was once the bustling merchant hub of Japan, a city where fortunes were made and lost? Known as Japan’s Kitchen and the laugh capital of the nation, Osaka is a sensory wonderland waiting to be explored. Imagine strolling through bustling markets, breathing in the savory aroma of street food, and feeling the energy of a city that never sleeps. Are you ready to uncover the secrets of Osaka?
Historical Context
Osaka’s story begins in the early 5th century as a humble fishing village. Fast forward to the Edo period (1603-1868), and the city had transformed into a commercial powerhouse, strategically nestled along the Tokaido and Nakasendo trading routes. Imagine the clamor of bustling markets, the scent of fresh fish, and the feel of coins exchanging hands. Osaka was alive with commerce and culture—merchants haggling, children laughing, and the city buzzing with energy. Osaka was, and still is, the beating heart of Japan’s economy (Sakura).
Influence of Buddhism
Osaka’s brush with Buddhism began with the establishment of Shitennoji, Japan’s first official temple. Though its political clout dimmed when the capital moved to Kyoto, Osaka’s cultural and religious influence only grew stronger (Osaka.com). Visualize serene temple grounds, the soft chanting of monks, and the scent of incense wafting through the air. Shitennoji isn’t just a historical site; it’s a living, breathing testament to Osaka’s spiritual heritage. Imagine the tranquility of a moment spent in reflection, surrounded by centuries of history.
Edo Period Culture
The Edo period was Osaka’s golden age of merchant culture, where simplicity, realism, and humor took center stage. Picture bustling markets, lively kabuki theaters, and serene tea ceremonies. Here, class distinctions blurred, giving rise to a unique regional identity that still thrives today (Osaka.com). Imagine the laughter echoing from kabuki performances and the delicate taste of matcha during a tea ceremony—these experiences encapsulate the spirit of Edo-period Osaka.
Modern Cultural Contributions
Despite Tokyo’s rise, Osaka has held its own in the 20th century and beyond. Think of the belly laughs of manzai comedy and the gripping plots of gekiga manga—Osaka’s cultural footprint is unmistakable across Japan (Osaka.com). From the colorful streets of Dotonbori to the quiet corners of hidden shrines, modern Osaka is a tapestry of old and new, where tradition meets innovation.
Culinary Heritage
Say hello to the culinary spectacle that is Osaka! Whether you’re biting into crispy takoyaki or savoring the rich flavors of okonomiyaki, Osaka’s food scene is a feast for the senses. The city’s nickname, “Japan’s Kitchen,” speaks volumes about its culinary prowess. Picture the sizzle of street vendors cooking up a storm, the mouth-watering aroma of local delicacies, and the vibrant colors of fresh ingredients. Osaka’s food isn’t just a meal; it’s an experience that tantalizes all five senses.
Local Secrets and Hidden Gems
Ready to go beyond the tourist trail? Discover Osaka’s hidden gems like the quirky Hozenji Yokocho alley, where you can touch the moss-covered Fudo-myo statue for good luck, or explore the retro charm of Shinsekai, a district that feels like stepping back in time. Wander through Kuromon Ichiba Market for an insider’s taste of local life, or find peace in the lesser-known Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine. These spots offer an authentic glimpse into the soul of Osaka. Don’t forget to try ‘kushikatsu’ in Shinsekai—it’s a local favorite!
Cultural Context and Etiquette
Navigating Osaka’s rich culture is as delightful as it is intricate. When visiting temples, remember to bow at the entrance and purify your hands and mouth at the chozuya (water basin). In restaurants, it’s polite to say ‘itadakimasu’ before eating and ‘gochisousama’ after finishing your meal. And don’t forget to try a friendly ‘Osakaben’ greeting like ‘maido’ to charm the locals! Think of it as your magical password to instant smiles and warm welcomes.
Time-Based Itineraries
Embark on a choose-your-own-adventure tour of Osaka! Whether you have a day, a weekend, or a week, tailor your itinerary to your interests. Spend a day exploring historical landmarks like Osaka Castle and Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine, or dive into the vibrant nightlife of Dotonbori. For a weekend, add a visit to Universal Studios Japan and the serene Osaka Aquarium. If you have a week, venture into the surrounding areas like Nara and Kyoto for a deeper cultural immersion. Imagine yourself as a time traveler, hopping between eras and experiences!
Seasonal Highlights
Osaka transforms with the seasons, each bringing its own charm. In spring, cherry blossoms paint the city in shades of pink, while summer festivals light up the night sky. Autumn offers a tapestry of red and gold foliage, and winter brings the warmth of local hotpots and illuminations. Imagine the excitement of a summer festival, the tranquility of a winter stroll, or the beauty of springtime cherry blossoms.
Myth Busting and Surprises
Think you know Osaka? Think again! Contrary to popular belief, Osaka isn’t just about food and comedy. It’s also home to innovations in technology and fashion, and has a burgeoning art scene. Did you know Osaka was the first city to introduce a public transportation system in Japan? Or that it’s a hotspot for indie music and underground art?
Storytelling Elements
Osaka’s rich tapestry of history is woven with fascinating stories. Take, for instance, the tale of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whose dreams of unifying Japan culminated in the construction of Osaka Castle. Or the local legend of the Bunraku puppet theater, where puppeteers bring stories to life with stunning craftsmanship. These stories aren’t just history—they’re the living, breathing soul of Osaka.
FAQ
Q: What’s the best time to visit Osaka?
A: While Osaka is a year-round destination, spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are particularly pleasant due to mild weather and seasonal attractions.
Q: Is English widely spoken in Osaka?
A: While many locals may not be fluent in English, you will find that most tourist areas and services are equipped to assist English-speaking visitors.
Q: What are must-try dishes in Osaka?
A: Don’t miss out on takoyaki (octopus balls), okonomiyaki (savory pancakes), and kushikatsu (deep-fried skewers).
Conclusion
So, are you ready to dive into the wonders of Osaka? With its rich history, vibrant culture, and tantalizing cuisine, Osaka is a city that promises unforgettable experiences. Download Audiala today and let our expertly crafted audio guides lead you on an adventure through the heart of Osaka. Get ready to explore, discover, and fall in love with this incredible city!
The Ultimate Guide to Major Attractions in Osaka Prefecture
Welcome to Osaka: The City of Contrasts
Welcome to Osaka, where ancient castles whisper tales of samurai and neon lights dazzle the night sky! Dive into a city that effortlessly blends traditional and modern, offering something for every traveler. From iconic landmarks to hidden gems, Osaka promises an unforgettable experience.
Osaka Castle
Step into history with a visit to Osaka Castle, originally built in 1583 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This iconic landmark played a pivotal role in Japan’s unification during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. Marvel at the reconstructed concrete structure from 1931, housing a modern museum. Wander through the extensive gardens and moats, and don’t miss the panoramic views from the castle tower. Curious for more? Visit the Osaka Castle official website.
Universal Studios Japan (USJ)
Get ready for a blockbuster day at Universal Studios Japan in the Konohana Ward. Opened in 2001, this theme park brings your favorite movies and characters to life. From Harry Potter to Minions, there’s something for everyone. Don’t miss seasonal events like Halloween Horror Nights and Christmas celebrations. For tickets and park hours, head to the USJ official website.
Dotonbori
Experience the vibrant energy of Dotonbori, Osaka’s bustling entertainment district along the Dotonbori Canal. Famous for its neon lights, giant mechanical signs, and mouth-watering street food like takoyaki and okonomiyaki, Dotonbori is a feast for the senses. Snap a selfie with the iconic Glico Running Man sign. For more, check out the Osaka Tourism website.
Shitennoji Temple
Founded in 593 AD by Prince Shotoku, Shitennoji Temple is one of Japan’s oldest temples. Despite multiple reconstructions, it retains its original layout. Explore the five-story pagoda, main hall, and treasure house filled with valuable artifacts. The serene Japanese garden is a perfect spot for reflection. For visiting hours and details, visit the Shitennoji Temple website.
Umeda Sky Building
An architectural marvel, the Umeda Sky Building in Kita district features two 40-story towers connected by a ‘Floating Garden Observatory’ on the 39th floor. Enjoy stunning 360-degree views of Osaka. The building also houses restaurants, shops, and a cinema, with a retro-style food street called Takimi Koji in the basement. Learn more on the Umeda Sky Building website.
Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine
One of Japan’s oldest Shinto shrines, Sumiyoshi Taisha was founded in the 3rd century. Dedicated to the gods of the sea and sailing, it features the unique Sumiyoshi-zukuri architectural style. Don’t miss the annual Sumiyoshi Matsuri in August. For more details, visit the Sumiyoshi Taisha website.
Kuromon Ichiba Market
Known as ‘Osaka’s Kitchen,’ Kuromon Ichiba Market in Chuo Ward boasts over 150 shops selling fresh seafood, meat, fruits, and vegetables. Sample local delicacies like sushi and grilled seafood at street food stalls. For more information, visit the Kuromon Ichiba Market website.
Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan
One of the largest public aquariums in the world, Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan in Minato Ward features 15 large tanks representing the Pacific Rim’s diverse marine life. The main attraction is the central tank housing a whale shark. Interactive exhibits and a touch pool add to the experience. For ticket information and visiting hours, visit the Kaiyukan website.
Namba Yasaka Shrine
Famous for its unique lion-shaped stage, Namba Yasaka Shrine wards off evil spirits and brings good luck. Located a short walk from Namba Station, it hosts several annual festivals, including the Tug-of-War Festival in January. For more details, visit the Namba Yasaka Shrine website.
Tenjinbashisuji Shopping Street
Stretching over 2.6 kilometers, Tenjinbashisuji Shopping Street is Japan’s longest shopping street. With over 600 shops, it’s a hub for traditional stores, restaurants, and cafes. Experience local culture and shop for souvenirs. Don’t miss the Tenjin Matsuri in July. For more information, visit the Osaka Tourism website.
Expo ‘70 Commemorative Park
Built on the site of the 1970 World Exposition, Expo ‘70 Commemorative Park in Suita features beautiful gardens, museums, and recreational facilities. The iconic Tower of the Sun, designed by Taro Okamoto, stands as a symbol of the park. Enjoy various seasonal events and festivals. For more details, visit the Expo ‘70 Commemorative Park website.
Nakanoshima Park
Nestled between the Dojima and Tosabori rivers, Nakanoshima Park is known for its scenic rose garden. Ideal for picnics and relaxation, the park also houses the Osaka Central Public Hall and the Osaka Science Museum. For more information, visit the Osaka Tourism website.
Tsutenkaku Tower
A symbol of Osaka, Tsutenkaku Tower in Shinsekai district offers observation decks with panoramic views of the city. Originally built in 1912 and reconstructed in 1956, the tower is home to the Billiken statue, a popular good luck charm. Explore the retro atmosphere and local eateries in the surrounding area. For more details, visit the Tsutenkaku Tower website.
Sumiyoshi Park
Near Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine, Sumiyoshi Park is one of Osaka’s oldest parks, featuring a large pond, walking paths, and playgrounds. Perfect for a leisurely stroll or family outing, the park hosts seasonal events and festivals. For more information, visit the Osaka Parks website.
Osaka Museum of History
Located near Osaka Castle, the Osaka Museum of History offers a comprehensive look at the city’s history from ancient times to the present. Interactive exhibits, dioramas, and artifacts make history come alive. The top floor offers panoramic views of Osaka Castle. For more details, visit the Osaka Museum of History website.
National Bunraku Theatre
Dedicated to traditional Japanese puppet theater, the National Bunraku Theatre in Chuo Ward hosts regular performances showcasing intricate puppetry and storytelling. Enjoy workshops and exhibitions that delve into this unique art form. For more information, visit the National Bunraku Theatre website.
Osaka Science Museum
Located on Nakanoshima Island, the Osaka Science Museum features interactive exhibits and hands-on activities related to science and technology. With a planetarium and regular science shows, it’s perfect for families and science enthusiasts. For more details, visit the Osaka Science Museum website.
Spa World
Unwind at Spa World in the Shinsekai district, a large hot spring complex offering themed baths and relaxation facilities. Experience European and Asian-style baths, a swimming pool, and a fitness center. For more information, visit the Spa World website.
Osaka Tenmangu Shrine
Dedicated to the deity of scholarship, Sugawara no Michizane, Osaka Tenmangu Shrine in Kita Ward is famous for the Tenjin Matsuri in July. The festival features a grand procession, boat parade, and fireworks. For more details, visit the Osaka Tenmangu Shrine website.
Tempozan Ferris Wheel
Standing at 112.5 meters, the Tempozan Ferris Wheel in Minato Ward offers breathtaking views of Osaka Bay and the city skyline. Illuminated at night, it creates a stunning visual display. For more information, visit the Tempozan Ferris Wheel website.
Local Secrets and Hidden Gems
- Hozenji Yokocho: A narrow, cobblestone alley near Dotonbori, filled with traditional restaurants and the serene Hozenji Temple. It’s a hidden oasis amid the bustling city.
- Taiko Lab Osaka: Try your hand at traditional Japanese drumming with a taiko drumming workshop.
- Nakazakicho: A retro neighborhood with vintage shops, quaint cafes, and street art.
Sensory Descriptions
- Osaka Castle: Hear the rustling leaves in the castle gardens, smell the fresh air by the moats, and feel the cool breeze as you take in the panoramic views.
- Dotonbori: The sizzle of takoyaki, the aroma of street food, the vibrant colors of neon signs, and the lively chatter of people.
Interactive Elements
- Dotonbori Challenge: Can you find the hidden cat statue in Namba Yasaka Shrine? Share your find on social media with #OsakaSecrets.
Cultural Context and Etiquette
- Osaka Dialect (Osaka-ben): People in Osaka are known for their friendly and humorous nature. A common greeting is ‘Maido!’ meaning ‘Hello!’ Use it to charm the locals.
- Dining Etiquette: In Osaka, slurping your noodles loudly is a sign of appreciation.
Practical Information with a Twist
- Osaka Castle Hours: Open 9 AM - 5 PM. Think of it like visiting a time machine that closes at tea time.
Pop Culture References
- Dotonbori: Featured in films like ‘Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris.’
- USJ: Step into scenes from ‘Harry Potter’ and ‘Jurassic Park.‘
Time-Based Itineraries
- One-Day Itinerary: Start with Osaka Castle in the morning, have lunch at Kuromon Ichiba Market, explore Dotonbori in the afternoon, and end the day at the Umeda Sky Building for sunset views.
- Weekend Itinerary: Day 1 - Explore Universal Studios Japan. Day 2 - Visit Shitennoji Temple and Tsutenkaku Tower, and relax at Spa World.
Local Lingo Lessons
- Maido: Hello
- Okini: Thank you
- Takoyaki: Octopus balls
Seasonal Highlights
- Spring: Cherry blossoms at Osaka Castle
- Summer: Tenjin Matsuri
- Autumn: Fall foliage at Minoo Park
- Winter: Illuminations around the city
Myth Busting and Surprises
- Myth: Osaka is just a commercial hub. Fact: It’s rich in culture, history, and culinary delights.
- Surprise: Osaka has more bridges than Venice!
Storytelling Elements
- Osaka Castle: Hear the story of Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s ambition and the castle’s role in Japan’s unification.
- Dotonbori: Legend has it that the Glico Running Man brings luck to those who run in place beneath it.
FAQ
- Q: What’s the best time to visit Osaka? A: Spring (March to May) and Autumn (September to November) offer the best weather and seasonal attractions.
- Q: How do I get around Osaka? A: The Osaka Metro is efficient and covers most major attractions.
Call to Action
Ready to explore Osaka like never before? Download Audiala for personalized travel tips, interactive maps, and more. Experience the magic of Osaka with Audiala!
Call to Action
Osaka Prefecture is a living tapestry of history, culture, and modernity, woven together in a way that few places can match. From its early days as a strategic port in the Yayoi period to its role as Japan’s economic powerhouse during the Edo period, Osaka has always been at the forefront of change and innovation (Osaka History).
The city’s rich cultural heritage is evident in its temples, theaters, and culinary delights. Whether it’s the spiritual serenity of Shitennoji Temple, the comedic brilliance of manzai performances, or the mouth-watering flavors of okonomiyaki, Osaka’s cultural contributions are as diverse as they are profound (Osaka History).
Modern Osaka continues to thrive as a hub of economic activity and cultural exchange. The iconic landmarks like Osaka Castle and the Umeda Sky Building stand as testaments to the city’s enduring spirit and innovation. Meanwhile, hidden gems like Hozenji Yokocho and the retro charm of Shinsekai offer a glimpse into the local life that makes Osaka so special.
As you explore Osaka, you’ll find that the city’s true magic lies in its ability to blend the old with the new, creating a unique and unforgettable experience. Whether you’re visiting for a day, a weekend, or an extended stay, Osaka promises to captivate and inspire. And to truly make the most of your journey, let Audiala be your guide. With expertly crafted audio guides and insider tips, Audiala will help you uncover the stories, secrets, and soul of Osaka. Download Audiala today and embark on an adventure through this incredible city.
References
- Sakura, 2024, Osaka History and Culture sakura.co
- Osaka.com, 2024, Social History of Osaka osaka.com