引言

圣约翰浸信会皮科堡垒（Fortaleza de São João Baptista do Pico），通常被称为皮科堡垒，坐落在菲拉斯山（Pico dos Frias）之巅，俯瞰着马德拉岛的首府丰沙尔市（Funchal），是马德拉岛航海遗产和韧性的杰出象征。这座堡垒建于17世纪初，最初是为了防御海盗的侵扰，如今为游客提供了历史的魅力、宏伟的建筑和俯瞰丰沙尔湾及大西洋的壮丽景色。本指南为您提供了难忘的参观所需的一切信息，包括历史背景、建筑亮点、开放时间、交通便利性以及旅游贴士。

图片库

图览皮科圣约翰洗礼者堡垒

Fort São João Baptista de Funchal illustration from Jules Verne's 1907 novel L'Agence Thompson and Co. — Illustration of Fort São João Baptista de Funchal featured in Jules Verne's 1907 novel L'Agence Thompson and Co.

Fortaleza do Pico de São João in Funchal, Madeira circa 1910 with Largo Visconde do Ribeiro Real and an old fountain on Rua da Carreira — Historic image of Fortaleza do Pico de São João, also known as São João Baptista or Pico Rádio, taken around 1910 in Funchal, Madeira. The photo features Largo Visconde do Ribeiro Real and the original fountain on Rua da Carreira.

Historic view of Fortaleza do Pico and Ribeira de São João in Funchal with part of the river wall and Rua da Alegria in the foreground, circa 1940 — Black and white photograph taken circa 1940 from the fence of Hotel da Bela Vista showing Fortaleza do Pico and Ribeira de São João in Funchal. The image features part of the river wall and Rua da Alegria in the foreground.

Vintage aerial view of Fortaleza do Pico and part of Funchal city including the English Cemetery and Episcopal Palace, Madeira Island, circa 1940 — Historical photograph showing Fortaleza do Pico and part of Funchal city with the English Cemetery and Episcopal Palace in the foreground, taken from Hotel da Bela Vista around 1940 on Madeira Island.

Vintage black and white photo of Pico Forte and part of Funchal city taken around 1940 from Hotel da Bela Vista fence — Historical 1940 black and white photograph showing Pico Forte and part of Funchal city on Madeira Island. Taken from Hotel da Bela Vista, this vintage postcard image captures the landscape and architecture of early 20th century Funchal.

View of Pico Forte and part of Funchal city from a vantage point near Hotel da Bela Vista Madeira — Vintage postcard photo showing Pico Forte and part of the city of Funchal, Madeira Island. Taken from the fence near Hotel da Bela Vista, dated possibly around 1919 or earlier.

Fortaleza do Pico and partial view of Funchal city with snowy mountains in the background, featuring the English cemetery and part of the Episcopal Palace, circa 1940 — Historical photograph from around 1940 showing Fortaleza do Pico and a partial view of Funchal city on Madeira Island, with snow-covered mountains in the background. The foreground includes the English cemetery and part of the Episcopal Palace, taken from Hotel da Bela Vista.

早期建设与战略目的

皮科堡垒的建造始于1601年，由葡萄牙国王菲利普二世（Philip II of Portugal）下令，作为对日益猖獗的海盗和私掠船威胁马德拉岛（Madeira）贸易航线的关键回应。其选址在海拔111米的高处，是为了最大限度地提高对丰沙尔湾的视野，从而能够与城市其他防御工事协同作战，发出预警并进行协调防御（Visit Madeira; Direção Regional da Cultura）。

几个世纪的演变

随着时间的推移，堡垒不断适应丰沙尔不断变化的需求。除了在17世纪和18世纪的防御功能（作为士兵和炮兵的驻地，并在1748年地震后得到修复）外，它在19世纪还被用作监狱和兵营。在葡萄牙内战期间，它曾被短暂地更名以纪念当时的统治派系，而在20世纪，它成为海军无线电站，并进行了进一步的结构改造（cultura.madeira.gov.pt; aroundmadeira.org）。

建筑特色

这座堡垒是风格主义军事建筑的典范，由当地玄武岩石建造而成。主要特色包括：

四个五角形棱堡：允许交叉火力覆盖和全景视野。
中央庭院（兵营广场）：曾用于操练和驻军的日常活动。
凿岩蓄水池：可储存多达3,000桶水，以应对围城状况。
炮位：最初配备远程大炮；部分炮台仍保留在展示中。
瞭望塔和防御壁垒：既提供保护，也提供绝佳的观景点。
展览空间：展示蚀刻版画、历史文献和解释性面板，追溯堡垒的演变过程（Monumentos Portugal）。

访客信息

开放时间与门票

开放时间：通常周一至周五开放，上午10:00至下午5:00；部分日子午餐时间（下午12:30至下午2:00）关闭。周末开放时间罕见，节假日时间可能有所变动。建议提前致电(+351) 291 645 377确认（discoverportugal2day.com）。
入场：免费；无需购票（portugaltravel.org）。
导览：偶尔提供，或可提前安排。请在入口处或通过当地旅游咨询处咨询。

交通便利性与设施

交通：位于 Rua do Castelo 17, 9000-206 Funchal；从市中心攀登的坡度很陡。建议选择出租车以避免爬坡（discoverportugal2day.com）。
现场设施：包括洗手间、一家小咖啡馆和一个礼品店。
无障碍：入口及内部地面不平坦；舒适的鞋子至关重要。为行动不便的游客提供一些协助，但某些区域可能仍具挑战性（wanderlog.com）。