导言

维尔纽斯升天教堂是立陶宛精神、建筑和文化的多方面象征。它坐落于维尔纽斯联合国教科文组织列入名录的旧城中，“升天教堂”这个名称指代着几处具有重要历史意义的遗址——每一处都有独特的起源、风格和宗教传统。从中古哥特式方济各会教堂，到救世主山上的巴洛克杰作，再到俄罗斯东正教升天大教堂，这些教堂共同反映了这座城市层层叠叠的宗教演变和多元文化身份（True Lithuania；Go Vilnius；Live the World）。

这份全面的指南深入探讨了维尔纽斯各升天教堂的历史、建筑和意义。您将找到详细的访客信息，包括开放时间、票务、导览、无障碍提示以及附近景点——助您规划一次有意义且尊重当地习俗的参观。

图片库

图览维尔纽斯的升天教堂

Church of the Ascension in Vilnius historic building exterior — Historic Church of the Ascension in Vilnius, built around 1730 and originally part of a monastery, seen in August 2014. The building is currently unused and closed, with hopes for restoration and adaptive reuse.

Church of the Ascension in Vilnius Lithuania historic 18th century Baroque-style building exterior — Exterior view of the Church of the Ascension in Vilnius, Lithuania, built around 1730 as part of a monastery. The historic Baroque-style church was photographed in August 2014 and is currently not in use or open to the public, awaiting restoration.

Church of Ascension in Vilnius under reconstruction in 2023 — Church of Ascension in Vilnius during its 2023 reconstruction phase showing scaffolding and restoration work

Statue of David playing harp inside Missionaries Church in Vilnius, Lithuania — Statue of David, playing harp, located inside Missionaries Church in Vilnius, Lithuania, showcasing religious art and cultural heritage.

Painting of Ferdynand Ruszczyc showing the Missionary Church — Detailed painting by Ferdynand Ruszczyc depicting the Missionary Church with intricate architectural features and natural surroundings.

Church of the Missionaries in Vilnius exterior view — Exterior view of the Church of the Missionaries in Vilnius, also known as Dangun įžengimo (Misionierių) bažnyčia and Kościół Misjonarzy w Wilnie.

Church of the Missionaries Ascension Vilnius Lithuania — Church of the Missionaries Ascension located in Vilnius, Lithuania architectural exterior view

Statue of Moses inside the Missionaries Church in Vilnius, Lithuania — Detailed statue of Moses located within the Missionaries Church in Vilnius, Lithuania, showcasing religious art and cultural heritage.

Vilnia Missionary church and monastery near Subač street in Vilnius 1915-18 — Historical image of Vilnia Missionary church and monastery near Subač street, Vilnius, dated 1915-18, showcasing the architecture and surroundings of that time.

Vilnius Misijanerski street near Subač street with Church of the Assumption and Missionary Monastery — Historical image of Vilnius Misijanerski street near Subač street showing the Church of the Assumption of the Lord and the Missionary Monastery from 1860-65

Church of the Assumption of the Lord and the Missionaries' Monastery in Vilnia near Subač Street in 1918 — Historical image of the Church of the Assumption of the Lord and the Missionaries' Monastery in Vilnia (now Vilnius), located near Subač Street, captured in 1918.

Church of the Assumption of the Lord and Missionaries' Monastery in Vilnia near Subač Street, historic photo from 1918 — Historic black and white photo from 1918 showing the Church of the Assumption of the Lord and Missionaries' Monastery located in Vilnia, towards Subač Street.

起源与早期发展

哥特式方济各会教堂：建于1421年特拉库街（Trakų Street）上的圣母升天教堂是维尔纽斯现存最古老的教堂之一。它在立陶宛基督教化后不久建成，成为方济各会的重要中心，其相邻的修道院促进了宗教和教育活动（True Lithuania）。
救世主山上的巴洛克教堂：始建于1695年，体现了遣使会（Congregation of the Mission）领导下的维尔纽斯巴洛克美学。尽管困难重重，它于1730年竣工，后来又增建了独特的双塔和华丽的立面（Wikipedia）。
俄罗斯东正教升天大教堂：可追溯至1348年，这座大教堂标志着东正教基督教传入维尔纽斯，并一直是俄罗斯和斯拉夫社区精神生活的中心（True Lithuania）。

火灾、战争和政治动荡的影响

这三座教堂都曾经历破坏和废弃时期，尤其是在18世纪的火灾、波兰-立陶宛联邦的瓜分、俄罗斯帝国统治，以及特别是苏联占领时期——当时许多宗教场所被关闭、改作他用或遭到亵渎（True Lithuania）。

独立后修复

立陶宛于1990年独立后，这些遗址的修复工作开始进行，旨在稳定和保护它们。天主教和东正教社区，以及文物组织，致力于收回和修复这些教堂及其修道院群落，平衡历史完整性与适应性利用（True Lithuania）。

建筑亮点

哥特式方济各会教堂

外观：堡垒般的外观，厚实的墙壁，尖拱——早期立陶宛哥特式设计的典范。
内部：曾经装饰华丽，但由于几个世纪的损坏，现在相对朴素。原有的壁画和祭坛画的痕迹依然可见（True Lithuania）。

救世主山上的巴洛克教堂

立面：充满活力的晚期巴洛克和洛可可细节；由约翰·克里斯托弗·格劳比茨（Johann Christoph Glaubitz）设计的双塔主宰着天际线（Wikipedia；Live the World）。
内部：朴素而优雅，体现了遣使会的谦逊。亮点包括壁画、彩色玻璃和洛可可风格的祭坛（Live the World）。
修道院群落：教堂和前修道院建筑群坐落在救世主山上，历史上曾包括一家医院，并被梯田式花园环绕。

俄罗斯东正教升天大教堂

建筑：最初为哥特式/东正教混合风格；19世纪按俄罗斯教会风格重建，带有圆顶和华丽的圣像壁。
内部：富含东正教圣像、圣物和对礼仪生活至关重要的装饰元素（True Lithuania）。

修复与保护

巴洛克和哥特式教堂：两者都经历过废弃和改作他用（例如，在苏联统治下作为兵营或医院）的时期。修复工作正在进行中，立陶宛国家博物馆负责其未来的公共开放前景（Live the World）。
东正教大教堂：独立后积极的修复工作使其宗教和文化功能得以恢复，成为维尔纽斯东正教社区的焦点。

参观信息

开放时间与门票

哥特式方济各会教堂（特拉库街）：通常每日上午10:00至下午6:00开放；节假日或特殊活动期间开放时间可能会有所变动。免费入场，鼓励捐款（True Lithuania）。
救世主山上的巴洛克教堂：因保护原因不定期对内部开放参观；外部可随时参观。偶尔的特别导览和活动可能会提供有限的内部参观机会（Live the World）。
俄罗斯东正教大教堂：周二至周日，上午10:00至下午6:00开放；周一闭馆。免费入场；欢迎捐款（True Lithuania）。