Wainwright Building

Introduction

The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is a pivotal landmark in American architecture and an essential stop for anyone exploring the city’s cultural and historical landscape. Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler and completed in 1891, this ten-story structure is recognized as one of the earliest skyscrapers to utilize steel-frame construction, embodying the modernist principle that "form follows function." Commissioned by brewer Ellis Wainwright, the building’s innovative design, classical proportions, and ornate terra cotta ornamentation have left a lasting legacy on American architecture. As a National Historic Landmark, it stands among St. Louis’s most significant historical sites, drawing architecture enthusiasts, history buffs, and travelers eager to witness the birthplace of the modern skyscraper (National Park Service).

Quick Facts

• Location: 709 Chestnut Street, Downtown St. Louis, MO
• Architects: Louis Sullivan & Dankmar Adler
• Completed: 1891
• Height: 10 stories, 147 feet (45 meters)
• Style: Chicago School / Early Skyscraper
• Designations: National Historic Landmark (1968), St. Louis City Landmark (1972)

Historical Background

Commissioned by Ellis Wainwright, a successful St. Louis brewer, the Wainwright Building was envisioned as a modern office building that would reflect the city’s economic vitality in the late 19th century. Sullivan and Adler’s design replaced traditional load-bearing masonry with a steel skeleton, allowing for greater height and expansive windows. The building’s tripartite structure—base, shaft, and capital—mirrors a classical column, while its rich ornamentation and vertical emphasis reflect Sullivan’s belief that a building’s form should honestly express its function (Wikipedia).

Architectural Highlights

Sullivan’s “Form Follows Function”

The Wainwright Building is celebrated for embodying Sullivan’s design philosophy, "form follows function." Rather than concealing its structure, the building’s design openly celebrates its steel frame through uninterrupted vertical piers and broad windows. The façade is divided into:

• Base: Terra cotta-clad ground floor with large windows for retail engagement.
• Shaft: Eight stories of vertical red brick piers, visually emphasizing height.
• Capital: Ornate terra cotta frieze and cornice, featuring stylized foliage and geometric motifs.

This approach set a precedent for future skyscrapers and influenced generations of architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation).

Ornamentation

Sullivan’s organic ornamentation is visible in the building’s intricate terra cotta panels and friezes, inspired by natural forms. The lobby, accessible during business hours, retains original marble wainscoting and decorative metalwork, offering a glimpse of the building’s interior artistry (The Art Institute of Chicago).

Visitor Information

Exterior Viewing

The Wainwright Building’s striking exterior can be viewed at any time from Chestnut Street and surrounding sidewalks. Interpretive plaques provide historical and architectural context. The best photography opportunities are during morning or late afternoon when natural light enhances the terra cotta details.

Interior Access

Public access to the interior is currently limited due to the building’s ongoing use as a state office facility and pending redevelopment. Lobby access is generally available during weekday business hours (8:00 AM – 5:00 PM), though hours may vary during ownership transition. Guided interior tours are not regularly offered but may be arranged by special request through organizations like the Landmarks Association of St. Louis or as part of select walking tours.

Guided Tours

Several local walking tour companies include the Wainwright Building as a highlight within downtown St. Louis architecture tours. These tours offer in-depth commentary on the building’s design, its place in architectural history, and its impact on the surrounding area (Explore St. Louis Visitors Guide).

Accessibility

The building’s exterior and surrounding sidewalks are wheelchair accessible, with curb cuts at major intersections. Interior accessibility is limited due to restricted public access, but the ground-level lobby is ADA-compliant during open hours.

Tickets and Admission

There are no tickets or admission fees required for viewing the exterior or lobby. Advance arrangements and special approval are needed for group or educational interior tours.

Nearby Attractions

While visiting the Wainwright Building, explore these nearby St. Louis landmarks:

• Gateway Arch National Park: Iconic monument and museum just a short walk away.
• Old Courthouse: Historic site of the Dred Scott case.
• St. Louis Union Station: Renovated train station with entertainment, dining, and attractions.
• Citygarden Sculpture Park: Contemporary urban park with public art, located within walking distance.

Downtown St. Louis offers a variety of dining, shopping, and entertainment options. Visitor guides and maps are available at the St. Louis Visitor Center.

Preservation and Redevelopment

The Wainwright Building has faced preservation challenges, including threats of demolition in the 20th century and ongoing maintenance concerns. It was saved through the efforts of local and national preservation organizations, earning National Historic Landmark status in 1968 (St. Louis Public Radio). In 2024, the State of Missouri sold the building to Arch to Park Equity LLC, which has pledged to preserve and revitalize the site as part of a broader downtown redevelopment plan (Greater St. Louis Inc. RFP). Restoration initiatives have focused on maintaining the exterior terra cotta, brickwork, and original interior finishes, ensuring the building remains an enduring symbol of St. Louis’s architectural heritage (ABBAE).

FAQs

Q: What are the Wainwright Building’s visiting hours?
A: The exterior is viewable at any time. The lobby is generally open weekdays from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM, but interior access is limited due to ongoing redevelopment.

Q: Is there an admission fee?
A: No, there is no fee to view the exterior or lobby.

Q: Are guided tours available?
A: Several local walking tours include the building as a highlight. Interior tours require advance arrangement.

Q: Is the building wheelchair accessible?
A: Yes, the exterior and lobby are accessible.

Q: What are the best nearby attractions?
A: The Gateway Arch, Old Courthouse, and St. Louis Union Station are all within walking distance.

Practical Visitor Tips

• Best Time for Photos: Early morning or late afternoon for optimal lighting.
• Parking: Public garages and street meters are available nearby.
• Duration: Plan for 20–30 minutes at the building; longer if including nearby sites or a guided tour.
• Safety: Downtown St. Louis is safe during daylight; be mindful of surroundings in urban areas.
• Events: While the building itself does not host public events, downtown often features cultural and community festivals.