Roman Palma
castle
123 BCE
Rome Founds Palma at the Bay's End
The Roman consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus landed with his legions in 123 BCE to suppress the Balearic pirates who had terrorized Mediterranean trade routes for decades. He founded two cities on the island: Pollentia in the northeast to serve shipping lanes toward Rome and Gaul, and Palma in the southwest bay, oriented toward Africa and Hispania. Palma was laid out in the Roman grid pattern — cardo and decumanus cutting through whatever Talaiotic settlement had stood there before. For this work, Metellus kept the island's name as his own surname, Balearicus, which tells you roughly how proud he was of the job.
Vandal & Byzantine Rule
swords
427 CE
Geiseric's Raiders Claim the Harbor
When the Vandal king Gunderic swept through Hispania in 427, Mallorca fell almost incidentally — a useful harbor on the way to North Africa. His successor Geiseric made it something more deliberate: a base for naval raids that reached Sicily, Greece, and ultimately Rome itself, which he sacked in 455 CE. Byzantine general Belisarius ended the Vandal kingdom in 534 and the Balearics returned to Constantinople's distant orbit, early Christian basilicas appearing where Vandal damage had been. Byzantine authority dissolved quietly through the 8th century without anyone quite noticing.
Moorish Medina Mayurqa
public
902 CE
The City Becomes Medina Mayurqa
Issam al-Khawlani, a commander from the Emirate of Córdoba, seized the Balearic Islands in 902 CE — reportedly sheltering from a storm in Mallorcan waters during a pilgrimage to Mecca and deciding not to leave. The city was renamed Medina Mayurqa, and over the following three centuries it became one of the western Mediterranean's busiest trading ports. The Roman grid gave way to narrow winding streets, hammams, mosques, and irrigated orchards that occupied roughly a fifth of the city's interior. The Jewish cartographers and scholars who settled here would eventually produce some of the finest navigational charts ever drawn.
swords
1114
Five Hundred Ships Batter the City
In 1114, a Christian fleet of approximately 500 vessels from Pisa, Genoa, and the Catalan counties descended on Medina Mayurqa in one of the largest amphibious operations the medieval Mediterranean had yet seen. They captured the city, took thousands of prisoners, stripped it of portable wealth, and then withdrew when an Almoravid counter-force appeared on the horizon. The city was left severely damaged but still Muslim. The raid confirmed something both sides already suspected: this harbor was too valuable to leave in someone else's hands indefinitely.
Christian Conquest & Kingdom
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December 31, 1229
New Year's Eve Ends 327 Years of Islamic Rule
Six soldiers scaled the walls of Medina Mayurqa on the last night of 1229, planted the banner of the Crown of Aragon, and ended 327 years of Muslim rule. King James I — 21 years old, already calling himself the Conqueror — had spent three months besieging the city after landing at Santa Ponça in September with 155 ships and approximately 15,000 troops. The man who led the scaling party, Arnaldo Sorell, was knighted on the spot. The great mosque was demolished within months, its site cleared for a cathedral, and the street names, language, and population changed within a generation.
school
c. 1232
Ramon Llull: Born Into a Conquered City
Ramon Llull was born in Palma around 1232, three years after James I's conquest, to a Catalan settler family who had arrived with the conquering army. He spent his early years as a courtly troubadour, married, had children, then around age thirty experienced a series of visions that redirected everything. Teaching himself Arabic and studying logic and mathematics, he invented a philosophical system he called the Art — a combinatorial diagram-machine for proving Christian doctrine through pure reason, which Leibniz examined 400 years later as a precursor to computational logic. Three missionary journeys to North Africa followed; he died around age 83, probably after being stoned in the Algerian city of Bougie; his tomb has been in the Franciscan church in Palma since 1448.
gavel
1276
An Island That Briefly Became Its Own Kingdom
When James I died in 1276, his will split the Crown of Aragon between his two sons — and the younger, Jaume, received something unexpected: an independent kingdom encompassing the Balearic Islands, Roussillon, Cerdanya, and the lordship of Montpellier. Palma, then called Ciutat de Mallorca, became an island capital in its own right. Jaume II commissioned Bellver Castle, rebuilt the Almudaina Palace in Gothic style, founded new churches, and turned the city into something genuinely royal. The independence lasted barely 70 years before Aragon absorbed it back.
castle
c. 1300–1311
Bellver Castle: A Circular Gothic Experiment
Royal architect Pere Salvà began Bellver Castle around 1300 on a pine-forested hill 3 kilometers above the bay, building it circular — one of only a handful of Gothic castles in Europe built to this plan. A round keep connects to the main building via a flying arch; three cylindrical towers anchor the perimeter. It served as royal residence, fortress, and political prison over the following centuries, holding figures including the Enlightenment philosopher Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who was imprisoned there from 1801 to 1802. The views from the battlements across the entire arc of Palma Bay explain immediately why a medieval king chose this hill.
science
1375
Abraham Cresques Maps the Known World
Abraham Cresques was a Jewish cartographer working in Palma when Prince John of Aragon commissioned what would become the Catalan Atlas of 1375 — the most complete world map of the 14th century, extending from the Atlantic coast to East Asia, with Sub-Saharan gold trade routes rendered in gold ink. The map was the product of generations of Mallorcan Jewish cartographic expertise; the island's navigational knowledge had made it indispensable to Mediterranean commerce for decades. The atlas now sits in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, where it has been for 650 years. Cresques died in 1387; four years later, his community was nearly destroyed.
local_fire_department
August 2, 1391
The Call Burns: Palma's Pogrom
On August 2, 1391, a mob attacked Palma's Jewish quarter — the Call Major and Call Menor — in the same wave of anti-Jewish violence that had begun in Seville in June and swept through the entire Crown of Aragon that summer. Hundreds were killed; thousands were forcibly baptized; the quarter was ransacked. Those who converted nominally while keeping Jewish practice became known as Chuetas, marked by their family surnames for the next five centuries. Exclusion from guilds, the nobility, and the church hierarchy followed regardless of how many generations had passed since the conversion.
castle
1426–1452
Guillem Sagrera Builds La Llotja
Guillem Sagrera, Mallorca's greatest medieval architect, began La Llotja — the Gothic merchant exchange — in 1426 and finished it in 1452. The interior is a single vaulted hall supported by six spiral columns so slender they barely read as structural. Merchants closed their deals beneath carved stone angels, the implication being that divine witnesses would keep negotiations honest. Sagrera went on to work at the Castel Nuovo in Naples; La Llotja stayed in Palma, and it remains the most refined piece of Gothic architecture on the island.
Habsburg Spain
swords
1521–1523
The Germanies: Peasants Rise and Lose
In 1521, Mallorcan peasants and craftsmen rose in the Revolt of the Germanies — a wave of insurrections against the Habsburg-backed nobility that had already exploded in Valencia. For two years they held significant parts of the island. The suppression was methodical and brutal: thousands killed or imprisoned, rural hierarchies reshuffled, resentments calcified into the social fabric. The revolt left no lasting political change but a deep scar — the memory that the island's farmers had once tried, and failed, to break the power of the landed class.
local_fire_department
1648–1652
Plague Kills One in Seven Mallorcans
Plague arrived at the port of Sóller in 1648, carried from Valencia and Catalonia, and worked its way across the island over four years. It killed approximately 14,000 to 15,000 people out of a population of around 100,000 — roughly 9,000 of them in Palma alone. Entire villages were emptied; agricultural production collapsed; the island entered a stagnation that lasted decades. The 17th century ran concurrent miseries: plague, Berber and Ottoman piracy along the coast, and an Inquisition working through Chueta families with patient bureaucratic thoroughness.
local_fire_department
1691
Sa Cremadissa: Thirty-Seven Burned
In 1691, the Mallorcan Inquisition staged what locals came to call Sa Cremadissa — the Great Burning. Thirty-seven members of Palma's Chueta community were condemned in a single auto de fé: some burned alive, others burned in effigy, all publicly destroyed. A book titled Fe Triunfante was published immediately to cement their infamy in print and keep it circulating. The event did not end the discrimination; it formalized and broadcast it, and Chueta families could be identified by their surnames in Palma well into the 20th century.
Bourbon Spain
gavel
July 2, 1715
Bourbon Conquest Abolishes 466 Years of Institutions
A Bourbon fleet under the French-born general Asfeld besieged Palma on July 2, 1715 — the last battle of the War of the Spanish Succession, fought ten months after Barcelona had already fallen. Mallorca had backed the losing Habsburg side. Philip V's Decree of Nueva Planta dissolved the Gran i General Consell (founded 1249), replaced Mallorcan law with Castilian law, and made Castilian Spanish mandatory in all official transactions. In a single administrative document, the island lost institutions it had spent 466 years building.
Romantic Era
music_note
Winter 1838–1839
Chopin Writes His Preludes in the Rain
Frédéric Chopin and the novelist George Sand arrived in Mallorca in November 1838 looking for a mild winter to ease Chopin's tuberculosis, and found instead cold, wet weather and hostile locals who feared contagion. They ended up in a vacant cell in the Valldemossa Cartuja monastery, where Chopin completed his 24 Preludes Op. 28 as rain fell on the stone roof. Sand's account of the whole miserable experience — A Winter in Majorca, published in 1842 — became the island's first piece of major international literary publicity, and remains one of the more entertaining complaints ever filed against a destination. The monastery is now a museum.
Belle Époque & Modernisme
palette
1901–1903
Domènech i Montaner Builds the Gran Hotel
Lluís Domènech i Montaner — one of the three architects who defined Catalan Modernisme alongside Gaudí and Puig i Cadafalch — designed Palma's Gran Hotel, which opened in 1903 as the grandest hotel in Spain. The façade brought Modernisme's organic stonework and craft-workshop detail to a city just beginning to look northward, toward Europe and the possibility of tourism. Now CaixaForum Palma, a cultural center, the building repays thirty seconds of attention from the pavement even if you have no intention of going in.
church
1904–1915
Gaudí Reworks La Seu's Interior
Antoni Gaudí accepted an invitation from Bishop Pere Campins in 1904 to reform La Seu Cathedral — the only major commission he ever took outside Catalonia. He moved the choir from the nave to the presbytery, opening the cathedral to its full 121-meter length; designed the baldachin canopy with a crown of thorns suspended over the high altar; and rethought the building's relationship to light and color entirely. The project was unfinished and controversial. In 2026, the centenary of Gaudí's death, La Seu is hosting a year-long program that finally positions this work at the center of his legacy rather than at its margins.
Civil War & Dictatorship
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1936
Mallorca Falls to Franco — and to Mussolini
When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, Mallorca's garrison joined the Nationalist side within days. A Republican amphibious force under Colonel Alberto Bayo landed at Porto Cristo in August and initially advanced inland — only for Mussolini's intervention to settle the matter: Italian aircraft and warships drove the Republicans back into the sea by September. For the rest of the war, Mallorca served as an Italian air base, its planes bombing Republican ports at Valencia and Barcelona. Hundreds of Mallorcan left-wingers were arrested and shot.
Modern Era
palette
1956
Joan Miró Chooses Palma as His Final Home
Joan Miró moved permanently to Palma in 1956, at age 63 — his mother was Mallorcan, he had visited since childhood, but it took until the mid-century for him to commit fully. His studio at Son Abrines became his base for the final 27 years of his life, the period in which he produced the large-scale works — tapestries, ceramics, outdoor sculptures — that now stand in cities from Barcelona to Chicago. In 1981 he donated his studios and archives to the city; the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró opened formally in 1992. Those final years in Palma were arguably his most ambitious.
flight
1960
The Runway That Changed the Island Entirely
Son Sant Joan Airport opened in 1960, and within a decade it had reshaped Mallorca more thoroughly than any conquest since 1229. Charter flights from Germany, Britain, and Scandinavia brought millions of tourists annually to an island whose economy had been agricultural and subsistence-level within living memory. Hotels covered the coast; coastal villages became resorts almost overnight; GDP rose sharply as traditional agriculture collapsed entirely. By 2024, the Balearic Islands were receiving 18.7 million tourists a year, and Palma residents were marching in the streets with banners that read Mallorca is not for sale.
gavel
March 1, 1983
Self-Governance Returns After 268 Years
On March 1, 1983, the Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands entered into force, making the archipelago a self-governing community for the first time since Philip V's 1715 decree abolished Mallorcan institutions. The Catalan-Mallorcan language — banned from public life under Franco for 40 years, and suppressed for two centuries before that — became officially co-official alongside Spanish. The date is now the Balearic public holiday, Dia de les Illes Balears. After 268 years, something resembling self-governance returned to Palma.
palette
2007
Barceló's Ceramic Cave Inside La Seu
In 2007, Miquel Barceló — born in Felanitx, Mallorca, in 1957 — unveiled the Capella del Santíssim inside La Seu: an entire chapel covered floor to vault in multicolored ceramic, representing the miracle of the loaves and fishes through forms that read more as cave geology than religious iconography. The diocese was praised and attacked in equal measure. Whatever its theology, the chapel is one of the most arresting pieces of new religious art installed inside a medieval European building in the 21st century — and it sits within the same cathedral that Gaudí had already reworked a century before. Palma, apparently, collects these interventions.