Ancient & Mythic Period
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c. 1400 BCE
Pandavas Found Indraprastha
Legend holds the Pandava brothers carved a new capital from the forests on the Yamuna's west bank after winning the kingdom in a dice game. The story, preserved in the Mahabharata, places their city near today's Purana Qila. Archaeological traces remain elusive. Yet the tale still shapes how Delhi sees itself, as a place repeatedly claimed by new rulers.
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c. 200 BCE
Mauryan Rule Over the Yamuna Plains
The vast Maurya Empire absorbs the Delhi region into its administrative web. Trade routes cross the area, carrying ideas from Pataliputra northward. Painted Grey Ware pottery litters the soil. The city has not yet announced itself to history, but the ground already carries the footprints of empire.
Rajput Period
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1052
Anangpal Tomar Builds Lal Kot
Tomara Rajput king Anangpal raises the first fortified city on the Delhi ridge, naming it Lal Kot. Red sandstone walls encircle palaces and temples. An inscription later found in a museum confirms the date. This modest fort becomes the seed from which seven more cities will sprout across the same dusty plain.
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1192
Muhammad Ghori Defeats Prithviraj
On the dusty field of Tarain, Muhammad Ghori slays Prithviraj Chauhan and ends Rajput control of Lal Kot. Within months Qutb-ud-din Aibak occupies the citadel. The transition marks more than a change of dynasty. It begins Delhi's long transformation into one of the world's great Islamic capitals.
Delhi Sultanate
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1193
Qutb Minar Construction Begins
Qutb-ud-din Aibak orders a victory tower of red brick and sandstone. Workmen stack courses that will eventually reach 73 metres, the tallest brick minaret ever raised. The adjacent Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque rises from the remains of 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples. The stones still carry faint traces of their earlier carvings.
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1296
Alauddin Khalji Builds Siri
Alauddin Khalji constructs an entirely new circular city northeast of the Qutb complex to defend against Mongol horsemen. Siri’s massive walls repel repeated attacks. The sultan also enlarges the Qutb complex with the Alai Darwaza, whose horseshoe arches announce a confident new Indo-Islamic style. Delhi has become a military powerhouse.
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1321
Tughlaqs Raise Tughlaqabad
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq builds a third city on a rocky outcrop southeast of Delhi, complete with a towering fort and artificial lake. The massive project is abandoned within a decade when the lake fails. Today its empty ramparts bake under the sun, a cautionary tale about moving capitals on a whim.
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1398
Timur Sacks Delhi
Timur’s Central Asian army storms the city, slaughters tens of thousands, and carries away everything of value. The streets run with blood for days. When the smoke clears, Delhi lies half-empty and starving. Recovery takes generations. The smell of smoke lingers in local memory longer.
Mughal Empire
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1526
Babur Ends the Sultanate
Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat and claims Delhi. The Mughal Empire is born. Though Babur prefers Agra, his victory ends 320 years of Sultanate rule. Within a decade his son Humayun will begin building on the Yamuna bank, setting the stage for Shah Jahan’s later masterpiece.
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1533
Humayun Founds Din Panah
Humayun lays the foundations of a new citadel he calls Din Panah near the legendary site of Indraprastha. Sher Shah Suri will later seize and rename it Purana Qila. The massive gateway still stands, its red walls catching the afternoon light exactly as they did when Humayun first walked through them.
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1565
Humayun's Tomb Completed
Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyath finishes the first great garden-tomb in India. Red sandstone and white marble catch the changing light across the char bagh gardens. Four centuries later visitors still notice how its proportions quietly predict the Taj Mahal. The influence feels almost conspiratorial.
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1639
Shah Jahan Builds Shahjahanabad
Shah Jahan shifts the Mughal capital from Agra and orders a completely new city on the Yamuna’s west bank. Planners, astrologers, and 20,000 workers spend nine years raising red sandstone walls, canals, and gardens. On 19 April 1648 the emperor rides through the river gate into his finished capital. The smell of fresh plaster still hangs in the air.
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1656
Jama Masjid Completed
Shah Jahan’s largest mosque rises on a hill overlooking his new city. Three gates, four towers, two 40-metre minarets. Up to 25,000 worshippers can pray inside. The marble domes still dominate Old Delhi’s skyline, catching the first and last light of every day.
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1739
Nader Shah Massacres Delhi
Persian invader Nader Shah enters the Red Fort, sits on the Peacock Throne, and orders the city looted. Between 20,000 and 30,000 residents die in a single day. The Koh-i-Noor diamond and the entire Peacock Throne leave for Persia. Delhi never fully recovers its previous grandeur.
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1797
Mirza Ghalib Born
The greatest Urdu poet of his age enters the world in Agra but makes Delhi his home. He lives in a modest haveli in Ballimaran, writes ghazals that capture the melancholy of a fading empire, and watches the British gradually take control. His house is now a museum. The quiet courtyard still feels like it is listening.
British Raj
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1803
British Capture Delhi
East India Company forces defeat the Marathas at the Battle of Delhi. The Mughal emperor becomes a British pensioner inside the Red Fort. Real power has shifted. The city’s fate will now be decided in London.
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1857
Sepoy Rebellion and Siege
Indian soldiers march from Meerut, seize Delhi, and proclaim the elderly Bahadur Shah Zafar Emperor of India. British forces besiege the city for months. When they retake it, they execute thousands and exile the last Mughal. The Red Fort’s halls fall silent except for the echo of British boots.
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1911
Capital Moves to Delhi
At the Delhi Durbar, King George V announces the capital will shift from Calcutta. Edwin Lutyens begins designing an imperial showpiece south of Shahjahanabad. The resulting city of wide avenues and pink sandstone buildings still houses India’s government today.
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1931
New Delhi Officially Inaugurated
Lutyens’ ceremonial capital opens with Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, and India Gate all in place. The viceroy moves into a palace of 340 rooms. Few at the time suspect that in sixteen years the same buildings will serve an independent nation.
Independent India
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1947
Independence and Partition
At midnight on 15 August, Jawaharlal Nehru speaks of India’s tryst with destiny from the Red Fort. Within weeks hundreds of thousands of refugees flood Delhi after Partition. The city absorbs waves of trauma and new energy simultaneously. Its streets have never been the same since.
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1948
Gandhi Assassinated
On 30 January, Nathuram Godse shoots Mahatma Gandhi in the garden of Birla House. Delhi freezes. The funeral pyre burns on the banks of the Yamuna while millions watch in stunned silence. The city loses its moral centre at the exact moment it becomes the capital of a new republic.
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1986
Lotus Temple Opens
The Bahá'í House of Worship rises in south Delhi like a half-open lotus of white marble. Twenty-seven petals form the shell. Inside, silence is absolute. All faiths are welcome. In a city still scarred by religious violence, the building quietly insists on something better.
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2002
Delhi Metro Begins Service
The first stretch of underground and elevated rail opens between Shahdara and Tis Hazari. Within two decades it carries millions daily, knitting Old Delhi, New Delhi, and the suburbs into one functioning city for the first time. The carriages smell of clean steel and quiet hope.
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2019
Virat Kohli Captains India
Born in Uttam Nagar and raised on Delhi’s dusty maidans, Virat Kohli leads the national cricket team with a ferocity that feels entirely local. When he bats at Feroz Shah Kotla, the roar that greets every boundary carries the pride of a city that has waited centuries to cheer its own.
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2023
New Parliament Building Opens
On 28 May Narendra Modi inaugurates a triangular Parliament House designed to replace Lutyens’ circular chamber. The move symbolises a deliberate break with colonial architectural inheritance. Whether the new building ultimately serves democracy better than the old one remains the question every Delhi resident now carries.